The signals stack
- SSL/TLS posture — issuer, expiry, cipher, chain validity.
- Security headers — HSTS, CSP, X-Frame-Options as operator-maturity proxies.
- Blacklists — DNSBL and URIBL feeds for IPs and domains.
- Reputation scores — vendor-aggregated trust ratings.
- Malware feeds — known-bad URL and binary databases.
- Domain age + ownership — newly registered + private WHOIS is a red flag.